This study investigated the psychometric properties of Persian version of exercise dependence scale in Iranian athletes. To do this, 230 athletes from group and individual sport were selected through accessible sampling method. Selected athletes were professional who accomplished exercise dependence scale. According to the result of experimental factor analysis, one structure with 6 factors components was found which encompass 72.71% of the total variability of the data. Result of Confirmatory factor analysis revealed six factor structures of exercise dependence (Withdrawal, Continuance, Tolerance, Lack of control, Time, Intention effect) has a good fit. The internal consistency (0.7) and (0.86) showed that exercise dependence questionnaire has suitable reliability coefficients. Therefore, the results of the present study showed that after deleting 3 items, the exercise dependence questionnaire has satisfactory reliability and validity which researchers are able to use exercise dependence questionnaire as a reliable and valid tool to measure exercise dependence.

Background: exercise deprivation has been concluded to have some negative effects on psychological well-being. This study was conducted to find out whether exercise deprivation may lead to morphine dependence in rats.Methods: Forty male Wistar rats weighing 162±9 g were housed in clear plastic cages in groups of two under standard laboratory conditions. The study had two phases. In phase I, the animals were randomly divided into exercised (E) and unexercised (UE) groups (n=20 each) and treadmill running was performed based on a standard protocol for three weeks. At the end of the training period, plasma b -endorphin levels were determined in four rats from each group. In phase II, the animals were provided with two bottles, one containing tap water and the other 25 mg/l morphine sulfate in tap water for a total of 12 weeks. At the end of this phase naloxone was injected intraperitoneally to precipitate morphine withdrawal.Findings: There was no significant difference between UE and E groups in morphine consumption (mg/kg/wk) [group: F (1, 14) =0.2, P=0.690; time: F(11, 154) =18.72, P<0.001; interaction: F (11, 154) =1.27, P=0.245]. No statistically significant difference between the two groups of animals was seen regarding withdrawal signs.Conclusion: The study showed that discontinuation of exercise does not increase the tendency of morphine dependence in rats.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Romberg exercise on balance improvement in elderly persons, 70 elderly persons with the history of two or more falling during recent 3 months were selected from Kahrizak nursing home in Tehran (38 as cases and 32 as controls).Materials & Methods: Romberg exercise was done in case group every day (45 minute per day and one time each day) for 3 months. Among all persons, 28 persons in case group and 21 persons in control group were followed for 6 months and incidence and frequency of falling were assessed during this time.Results: The Incidence of one or more falling in case and control groups was 31.3% and 47.6% in men and 57.9% and 27.3% in women, respectively. We found no significant relation between gender and the incidence of falling (P=0.460). Also, no significant relation was found between age and incidence (P=0.554) and frequency of falling (P=0.144) in elderly persons.Conclusion: Although the effect of Romberg exercise on improvement of balance disturbance and falling was not demonstrated, it needs additional studies with larger sample size and longer follow-up.

Introduction: Previous studies have indicated that the voluntary and swimming exercise decreases the severity of the physical and psychological dependence on morphine in morphine-dependent and withdrawn rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the forced treadmill exercise during the induction of morphine dependence on naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal signs and anxiety like behavior.Materials and Methods: Rats were injected with increasing doses of morphine (8, 16, 26, 36, 46, 56 and 64 mg/kg, daily, s.c.) over a period of 7 days in which they were also trained at mild intensity on a treadmill for 30 min of daily. The anxiety-like behaviors were tested 2h after receiving morphine injection (56 mg/kg) using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) on day 8. Then, the severity of morphine dependence was measured after an acute injection of naloxone (0.4mg/kg, IP), 2h after receiving morphine injection (56 mg/kg) according to a modified version of the Gellert–Holtzman scale on day 9.Results: The results showed that the withdrawal graded signs including abdominal contractions, weight loss, and overall Gellert–Holtzman score and among the checked signs; consisted of diarrhea, irritability and teach chattering were decreased in treadmill runner morphine-dependent rats than the sedentary rats. Also, the results showed that the treadmill runner morphine-dependent rats exhibited an increase in time spent in, and entries into, the EPM open arms than the sedentary morphine-dependent groups.Conclusion: Our findings indicated that the forced treadmill exercise during the induction of morphine dependence diminished the severity of dependence on morphine and anxiety like behavior. Thus, forced treadmill exercise may decrease some of the behavioral consequences of physical and psychological dependence on morphine.

Objective(s): This study evaluated the effect of swimming exercise during spontaneous methamphetamine (METH) withdrawal on the anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and voluntary METH consumption in METH-dependent rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were repeatedly administered with bi-daily doses of METH (2 mg/kg, subcutaneous) over a period of 14 days. exercised rats were submitted to swimming sessions (45 min/day, five days per week, for 14 days) during spontaneous METH-withdrawal. Then, all animals were tested for the assessment of anxiety by using the elevated plus-maze (EPM), the grooming behaviors (OCD), and depression using forced swimming test (FST) and voluntary METH consumption using a two-bottle choice (TBC) paradigm for the assessment of craving. Results: The results showed that the swimmer METH-withdrawn rats exhibited an increase in EPM open arm time and entries and a reduction of immobility and grooming behaviors compared with the sedentary METH groups. Also, voluntary METH consumption was less in the swimmer METH-withdrawn rats than the sedentary METH groups throughout 5– 8 days. Conclusion: This study showed that regular swimming exercise reduced voluntary METH consumption in animal models of craving by reducing anxiety, OCD, and depression in the METH-withdrawn rats. Thus, physical training may be ameliorating some of the withdrawal behavioral consequences of METH.

Background: exercise dependence (ED) is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable exercise behaviors leading to physiological and psychological symptoms. Valid assessment tools are crucial for identifying ED in understudied populations. The present study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the exercise dependence Questionnaire (EDQ) among physically active young adults in Iran.Methods: This psychometric validation study used a cross-sectional design with 200 participants aged 18-35 years (49% male, 51% female) recruited through clustered random sampling from sports clubs in Tabriz, Iran. The EDQ was administered between May-July, 2021. Validity was assessed through forward backward translation, content validity analysis, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Reliability was evaluated using internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and testretest (intraclass correlation, ICC) methods. Ceiling and floor effects, Standard Error of Measurement (SEM), and smallest detectable change (SDC) were also determined.Results: The EDQ demonstrated good content validity (CVI=0.88, CVR=0.73). EFA yielded a 7-factor model explaining 59.45% of variance. Key factors were withdrawal symptoms, exercise for health/social reasons, positive reward, interference with life, insight into problems, and stereotyped behavior. CFA showed moderate fit. Internal consistency was adequate overall (α=0.8) but lower for some subscales. The ICC confirmed good test-retest reliability (0.80, 95% CI 0.76-0.84). No ceiling and floor effects were detected. SEM and SDC were 0.52 and 1.03, respectively.Conclusion: The results indicated that the Persian version of the EDQ is a valid and reliable scale for assessing ED.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate reliability and validity of Persian version of the exercise dependence Scale-Revised in Gorganian Bodybuilder men. After a rigorous translation and back-translation procedure, 400 men completed the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS), the exercise dependence Scale-Revised (EDS-R), the Eating Disorders ExaminationQuestionnaire (EDE-Q), and the Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA). The reliability of the scale was assessed via internal consistency. Cronbach’ s alphas range (0. 76 to 0. 82) suggested good reliability of the Persian version of EDS-R. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original seven factor model of the scale. The internal relations between the subscales (0. 22 to 0. 59) and concurrent validity (0. 09 to 0. 78) also were appropriate. The Persian version of the exercise dependence Scale-Revised has a satisfactory psychometric properties in the Iranian society and useable in the clinical and research settings.